During the past 20 years, non-invasive brain stimulation has become an emerging field in clinical neuroscience due to its capability to transiently modulate corticospinal excitability, motor and cognitive functions. Whereas transcranial magnetic stimulation has been used extensively since more than two decades ago as a potential “neuromodulator”, transcranial current stimulation (tCS) has more recently gathered increased scientific interests. The primary aim of this narrative review is to describe characteristics of different tCS paradigms. tCS is an umbrella term for a number of brain modulating paradigms such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternative current stimulation (tACS), and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS). Their efficacy is dependent on two current parameters: intensity and length of application. Unlike tACS and tRNS, tDCS is polarity dependent.These techniques could be used as stand-alone techniques or can be used to prime the effects of other movement trainings.The review also summarises safety issues, the mechanisms of tDCS-induced neuroplasticity, limitations of current state of knowledge in the literature, tool that could be used to understand brain plasticity effects in motor regions and tool that could be used to understand motor learning effects.

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the influence of neglect and the effect of prism adaptation (PA) combined with continuous Theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTBS) on the art constructive errors in painting rehabilitation of stroke patients with neglect. Methods: Fourteen patients with neglect and art constructive errors in painting secondary to stroke were randomly assigned to the rehabilitation group and received PA combined with the inhibitory protocol of cTBS over the intact parietal cortex,the control group received PA combined with sham cTBS for two weeks in ten daily sessions. Patients were assessed for art constructive errors in painting in figure copying test (FCT), and coloring test (CT) before and after the intervention. Art constructive errors in painting were classified into omission, deformation, size, neglect of warm colors, and perseveration of errors. Neglect was evaluated using the line bisection task (LBT), figure copying test (FCT), and coloring test (CT). Results: All patients showed a significant improvement in art constructive errors in painting (measured using the pattern of painting’,errors in FCT and CT), and neglect (measured using LBT, FCT, and CT) (P<0. 05). Omission, neglect of warm colors, and deformation were the most frequent errors. Conclusion: Neglect and rehabilitation influence the painting system in stroke patients. Both approaches improved art constructive errors in painting and neglect symptoms.

Background: several studies have shown non-invasive brain stimulation techniques caused decrease in psychological symptoms in patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder. but could we show this through a metaanalysis study? Aims: In this paper, we review the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on psychopathological symptoms via meta-analysis in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Method: A total of 10 studies were selected for this meta-analysis. The data were gathered from the following databases: scientific journals of psychology, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, SID based on methodological conditions, topic and research design. The effect size of each study was calculated. Results: based on the result of this meta-analysis, the combined effect size of transcranial direct current stimulation (p<0/0028) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (p<0/0069) effect in reducing obsessive-compulsive symptoms was found to be significant and large according to Cohen’ s table. Conclusions: non-invasive brain stimulation was found to have a large effect in reducing obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.